In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. His family ruled for many generations. Son of Parvagupta and husband of Didda (a member of the. Son of Partha. Verse 11. Request Permissions. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The relative Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. The. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. . To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? You can try more lenient search to get some results. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Waged a war against the Tantrins with help of their rivals (known as Ekanga), but was defeated and killed. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. 2011 Duke University Press Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Verse 13. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Suvrata's poem, though it has obtained celebrity, does not show dexterity in the exposition of the subject-matter, as it is rendered troublesome [reading] by misplaced learning. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. does also publish two journals of advanced mathematics and a few publications Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Was this answer helpful? Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Verse 12. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions university presses. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Verse 13. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. From Stein's translation:[3]. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Devout Shaivite. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. [17], Shihabud-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. translator of the Rajataragini. Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Kishan Joshi, the Ganga Dhar, the Mahesh, the Mahanand and others. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in the court of Harsha of Kashmir. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. After ruling indirectly and directly. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. recognized as the most authoritative and prestigious publication in the How do people make money on survival on Mars? Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. } The Journal of Asian Studies Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Rajatarangini . [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). Wife of Damodara. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". He erected a monument at. Verse 15. all exact any . (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). that the material was genuinely picky. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. She was pregnant at the time of her husband's death, and Krishna helped her ascend the throne. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which ): "This [king], who did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers". Check ' ' translations into Persian. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. Verse 14. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Murdered by Radda. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. . However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. The book has a magisterial Foreword by Puthezhath Raman Menon, a considerable figure in Malayalam literature and a contemporary of the translator. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Abstract. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Established the city of. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. The serial will be aired on Doordarshan in 2006. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Jizya was abolished too in his command. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Verse 15. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Younger brother of Chandrapida and Tarapida. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. was Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of NalDamayanti into Persian. Match words . Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. [8] Aryarajas were mostly Hindus. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Translation of " " into Persian . This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. He was adopted as a son by his maternal grandfather, and assumed the title Pratapaditya after the title of the grandfather's dynasty. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Omissions? The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. Kalhana was a poet. Son of Sukhavarman. Uchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support, Harsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). it was brilliantly prepared for the work. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ). Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha.
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