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[10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Szczepanski, Kallie. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. 12 talking about this. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (13681644). After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus. This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. . The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? _____ us amazing stories about her youth in Hong Kong. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Imperial Mistakes The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. ", McCaffrey, Cecily. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. Szczepanski, Kallie. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. View original page. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 In the densely forested border area between the provinces Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi, a lot of homeless peasant refugees(liumin, see also shed people) had gathered to escape the grip of landowners, creditors and tax collectors. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Encyclopedia.com. Updates? The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Updates? It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. ThoughtCo. As one Qing official complained:[9]. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! (2020, August 27). The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. id The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. }, Page last modified: Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. //